For anyone caught in the powerful, seaward pull of a rip current, the instruction not to panic can feel impossible to follow.
Yet, lifeguards consistently advise that remaining calm, flipping onto your back, and floating is precisely the action that can lead you to safety.
Rip currents, formidable channels of water, represent one of the coast's most significant dangers, accounting for the vast majority of beach rescues annually.
According to the United States Lifesaving Association, around 100 people drown from rip currents along U.S. beaches each year, and more than 80 per cent of all yearly beach rescues are directly linked to these powerful currents.
The National Weather Service has already reported at least 21 fatalities from rip currents in US waters this year alone.
Understanding these hidden dangers and knowing how to react is crucial for coastal safety.
How to spot a rip
Rip currents are narrow columns of water flowing rapidly away from the beach. They don't pull swimmers under water, but can carry them out a fair distance from shore.
“A rip current is like a river that pulls out to sea,” said San Diego Lifeguard Marine Safety Lt. Charlie Knight. “So when the waves come into the beach, it needs somewhere to go. And so it takes these little channels out that we call rip currents to put all that water back into the ocean.”
Low spots along the beach, or areas near jetties or piers, are often where rip currents form. They can be connected to stormy weather but also sometimes occur during sunny days. They can be hard to detect because the surface water often appears calm.
The current can flow as fast as 8 feet (3.2 meters) per second, faster than even a strong swimmer can overcome, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Flip, float and follow
The most frequent advice from beach rescue teams and weather forecasters is to “'flip, float and follow.” Flipping over to float makes it easier to stay calm, conserves energy and keeps the airways open while the swimmer is in the rip current's grip.
It’s nearly impossible to fight the current directly. Many swimmers who get in trouble tire themselves out trying to get back to the beach, lifeguards say.
“People tend to panic when they can’t get into the beach, and that’s when we have problems,” Knight said. “So if you are caught in a rip current, the biggest thing is don’t panic, stay calm, flip over onto your back, float and allow the rip current to take you out.”
Once the rip current dissipates, it might leave the swimmer out in deeper water. Lifeguards recommend raising an arm to signal for help.
Look for the flags
Flags with different colors are used to warn beachgoers of various hazards.
Red means a high hazard, yellow means a moderate threat and green means low danger. There's also purple for dangerous sea life, such as jellyfish, and double red when a beach is closed for any reason.
The National Weather Service posts rip current risks on its websites around the coasts and has developed a computer model that can predict when conditions exist that may lead to their formation up to six days in advance for the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts, Puerto Rico, Hawaii and Guam.
If possible, it’s best to swim near a lifeguard station.
What to do if you see someone in a rip current
It can be dangerous to try to rescue someone caught in a rip current, officials say. Often the people trying to perform the rescue can get into trouble themselves.
It's best to find a lifeguard, if there is one, or call 911 if a struggling swimmer is spotted.
